
1. Who was Hegel?
~ Hegel was a German philosopher best known for his influence on Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. 
@ Hegel was a German philosopher best known for his influence on Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
a. A French philosopher working under Napoleon Bonaparte.
b. A French noble who found himself exiled following the French Revolution.
c. A German professor who later in life joined Napoleon's Grande Armée and died during the Russian campaign of 1812.
*d. A German philosopher best known for his influence on Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

2. According to Hegel, what did the "Orientals," the Greeks and Romans, and the Christianized Germans understand about freedom?
~ The "Orientals" understood only that the ruler is free; the Greeks and Romans understood that some people were free; and the Christianized Germans understood that "man" was free.
@ The "Orientals" understood only that the ruler is free; the Greeks and Romans understood that some people were free; and the Christianized Germans understood that "man" was free.
*a. The "Orientals" understood only that the ruler is free; the Greeks and Romans understood that some people were free; and the Christianized Germans understood that "man" was free.
b. They all understood that their innermost nature sought freedom, so they were willing to fight for it.
c. The "Orientals" did not believe in freedom; the Greeks and Romans believed that free people could be sold into slavery; and the Christianized Germans believed that only Christians were truly free.
d. They all had only partial understandings of what freedom was.

3. According to Hegel, why is Spirit the opposite of Matter?
~ Matter is subject to gravity, whereas Spirit is self or soul the essence of which is Freedom.
@ Matter is subject to gravity, whereas Spirit is self or soul the essence of which is Freedom.
a. Matter is body or physicality, whereas Spirit is the thinking mind.
*b. Matter is subject to gravity, whereas Spirit is self or soul the essence of which is Freedom.
c. Matter is Real, as in philosophical realism, whereas Spirit is Ideal, as in philosophical idealism.
d. Matter is darkness, coolness, and femaleness, whereas Spirit is lightness, warmth, and maleness.

4. Which of the following quotations shows that Hegel's concept of historical change is teleological?
~ "...the final cause of the World at large, we allege to be the consciousness of its own freedom on the part of Spirit, and ipso facto, the reality of that freedom...This result it is, at which the process of the World's History has been continually aiming; and to which the sacrifices that have even and anon been laid."
@ "...the final cause of the World at large, we allege to be the consciousness of its own freedom on the part of Spirit, and ipso facto, the reality of that freedom...This result it is, at which the process of the World's History has been continually aiming; and to which the sacrifices that have even and anon been laid."
a. "Now this is Freedom, exactly. For as I am dependent, my being is referred to something else which I am not; I cannot exist independently of something external."
b. "...We have spoken of means; but in the carrying out of a subjective, limited aim, we have also to take into consideration the element of a material, either already present or which has to be procured."
*c. "...the final cause of the World at large, we allege to be the consciousness of its own freedom on the part of Spirit, and ipso facto, the reality of that freedom...This result it is, at which the process of the World's History has been continually aiming; and to which the sacrifices that have even and anon been laid."
d. "Although Freedom is, primarily, an undeveloped idea, the means it uses are external and phenomenal; presenting themselves in History to our sensuous vision."

5. Which of the following authors wrote what Hegel would call "Reflective" history of the "Critical" subtype?
a. Kant
*b. Valla
c. Bede
d. Thucydides

6. Which of the following is an accurate relation between the Spirit and the Idea?
~ The Idea is the conductor of the peoples, while the Spirit remains their director. 
@ The Idea is the conductor of the peoples, while the Spirit remains their director. 
*a. The Idea is the conductor of the peoples, while the Spirit remains their director. 
b. The Spirit is the conductor of the peoples, while the Idea remains their director. 
c. The Spirit and the Idea share no relation.
d. The Idea is the motive force of historical change, while the Spirit is the tool used by the Idea to achieve this change.

7. According to Hegel, we should study history because
~ According to Hegel, we should study history because historical study allows us to understand the ultimate goal of human life: to realize perfect freedom. Hegel did not believe that history taught us to avoid the mistakes of the past. In his discussion of Reflective History, he writes, "Rulers, Statesmen, Nations, are wont to be emphatically commended to the teaching which experience offers in history. But what experience and history teach is this—that peoples and governments never have learned anything from history, or acted on principles deduced from it. Each period is involved in such peculiar circumstances, exhibits a condition of things so strictly idiosyncratic, that its conduct must be regulated by considerations connected with itself, and itself alone. Amid the pressure of great events, a general principle gives no help. It is useless to revert to similar circumstances in the Past. The pallid shades of memory struggle in vain with the life and freedom of the Present."
@ According to Hegel, we should study history because historical study allows us to understand the ultimate goal of human life: to realize perfect freedom. Hegel did not believe that history taught us to avoid the mistakes of the past. In his discussion of Reflective History, he writes, "Rulers, Statesmen, Nations, are wont to be emphatically commended to the teaching which experience offers in history. But what experience and history teach is this—that peoples and governments never have learned anything from history, or acted on principles deduced from it. Each period is involved in such peculiar circumstances, exhibits a condition of things so strictly idiosyncratic, that its conduct must be regulated by considerations connected with itself, and itself alone. Amid the pressure of great events, a general principle gives no help. It is useless to revert to similar circumstances in the Past. The pallid shades of memory struggle in vain with the life and freedom of the Present."
a. historical study teaches us to avoid the mistakes of the past.
b. historical study is the best preparation for political life.
*c. historical study allows us to understand the ultimate goal of human life.
d. historical study prepares us to better understand the differences between cultures.

8. According to Hegel, the State represents
~ According to Hegel, the State represents the Divine Idea as it exists on earth, perfect freedom as is only achievable when all obey law. Hegel wrote: "Only that will which obeys law, is free; for it obeys itself."
@ According to Hegel, the State represents the Divine Idea as it exists on earth, perfect freedom as is only achievable when all obey law. Hegel wrote: "Only that will which obeys law, is free; for it obeys itself."
a. the final self-realization of the Spirit.
b. the worst of humanities actions.
*c. the State represents the Divine Idea as it exists on earth, perfect freedom as is only achievable when all obey law.
d. the final self-realization of the Idea.

9. Hegel critiques the first subtype of Reflective History for
~ being limited to relating events of specific regions or times. Hegel advocated Universal history, by which he meant a metahistory, a history that presented events within a universal explanatory model that foresaw the purpose of all historical development: "A history which aspires to traverse long periods of time, or to be universal, must indeed forego the attempt to give individual representations of the past as it actually existed. It must foreshorten its pictures by abstractions...." 
@ being limited to relating events of specific regions or times. Hegel advocated Universal history, by which he meant a metahistory, a history that presented events within a universal explanatory model that foresaw the purpose of all historical development: "A history which aspires to traverse long periods of time, or to be universal, must indeed forego the attempt to give individual representations of the past as it actually existed. It must foreshorten its pictures by abstractions...."
*a. being limited to relating events of specific regions or times.
b. using imagery that is too vivid to relate events realistically.
c. focusing too much on critique of previous historians.
d. trying to teach morality through relating historical events.

10. In Hegel's dialectic, 
~ In Hegel's dialectic, a development in human history is opposed by its contradiction, leading to conflict that resolves into a new state of society with higher levels of freedom. This is the effect of the Spirit within humans seeking to realize the Idea of perfect freedom.
@ In Hegel's dialectic, a development in human history is opposed by its contradiction, leading to conflict that resolves into a new state of society with higher levels of freedom. This is the effect of the Spirit within humans seeking to realize the Idea of perfect freedom.
a. human actions are synthesized with their opposite reactions, producing change in human history.
*b. a development in human history is opposed by its contradiction, leading to conflict that resolves into a new state of society that achieves higher levels of freedom.
c. one class of people (such as the nobility) is opposed by another class (such as the peasants or urban workers), leading to conflict that is resolved at higher levels of freedom.
d. the Spirit attempts to realize the world's underlying guiding Idea (perfect Freedom) by pitting opposing forces against one another.