
1. According to Marx, what was the relationship between the landed aristocracy and serfs, guild masters and day laborers, bourgeoisie and proletariat?
~ The landed aristocracy, guild masters, and bourgeoisie are all classes of capital owners, whereas serfs, day laborers, and the proletariat are classes of non-capital-owning workers.
@ The landed aristocracy, guild masters, and bourgeoisie are all classes of capital owners, whereas serfs, day laborers, and the proletariat are classes of non-capital-owning workers.
*a. The landed aristocracy, guild masters, and bourgeoisie are all classes of capital owners, whereas serfs, day laborers, and the proletariat are classes of non-capital-owning workers.
b. The landed aristocracy, guild masters, and bourgeoisie are all upper classes. Serfs, day laborers, and proletarians are all lower classes.
c. The landed aristocracy, day laborers, and proletariat all originated from rural areas, whereas guild masters, serfs, and bourgeoises all lived in the towns.
d. The landed aristocracy, serfs, and guild masters were all involved in only local commerce, whereas day laborers, bourgeoises, and proletarians were all involved in international commerce.

2. How does Marx's argument constitute a critique of Hegelian thought?
~ Hegel argued that historical development was caused by contending forces spurred by an internal consciousness that men are meant to be free, which found its final and perfect contentment in the development of the Enlightenment-era State. Marx argued that historical development was spurred by economic conflict between classes of owners and classes of workers, which would culminate in the abolition of class relationships 
@ Hegel argued that historical development was caused by contending forces spurred by an internal consciousness that men are meant to be free, which found its final and perfect contentment in the development of the Enlightenment-era State. Marx argued that historical development was spurred by economic conflict between classes of owners and classes of workers, which would culminate in the abolition of class relationships 
a. Marx argued that Hegel's writing was unnecessarily dense and hard to interpret, whereas Marx wrote in a style that the masses could comprehend.
b. Hegel argued from an Idealist philosophical platform (deductive reasoning), whereas Marx claimed to argue from inductive study of the real world and its economic facts.
*c. Hegel argued that historical development was caused by contending forces spurred by an internal consciousness that men are meant to be free, which found its final and perfect contentment in the development of the Enlightenment-era State. Marx argued that historical development was spurred by economic conflict between classes of owners and classes of workers, which would culminate in the abolition of class relationships 
d. Hegel's argument was teleological, whereas Marx argued that history had no ultimate goal and would ultimately end in destruction.

3. According to Marx, what caused the shift in the nature of capital from "natural" to "moveable"? Why is this important?
~ The shift from "natural" to "moveable" capital had two causes: the rise of the merchant classes whose capital was the product of others' manufacturing and the rise of factory manufacturing that greatly increased the amount of product available to be sold. This was important for two reasons: because moveable capital is valued only in terms of the money that can be made of it and because factories employed serfs who owned no capital, creating a new laboring, oppressed class.
@ The shift from "natural" to "moveable" capital had two causes: the rise of the merchant classes whose capital was the product of others' manufacturing and the rise of factory manufacturing that greatly increased the amount of product available to be sold. This was important for two reasons: because moveable capital is valued only in terms of the money that can be made of it and because factories employed serfs who owned no capital, creating a new laboring, oppressed class.
a. The rise of factory-based manufacturing caused the shift from "natural" to "moveable" capital. This is important because natural things are better than artificial creations.
*b. The shift from "natural" to "moveable" capital had two causes: the rise of the merchant classes whose capital was the product of others' manufacturing and the rise of factory manufacturing that greatly increased the amount of product available to be sold. This was important for two reasons: because moveable capital is valued only in terms of the money that can be made of it and because factories employed serfs who owned no capital, creating a new laboring, oppressed class.
c. The rise of global commerce caused the shift from "natural" to "moveable" capital. This is important because global commerce relied heavily on industrial manufacturing, which oppressed workers and revolutionized them.
d. The European discovery of the Americas caused the shift from "natural" to "moveable" capital because the Spaniards took so much silver from the Americas. This was important because it led to massive capital accumulation in Europe, which allowed them to dominate the world through global voyages of imperial conquest.

4. In Historical Materialism, changes in the _____ substructure drive historical change.
~ In Historical Materialism changes in the economic substructure drive historical change. Changes to the economic substructure of a society create new social classes, new relationships between classes, and new conditions of oppression.
@ In Historical Materialism changes in the economic substructure drive historical change. Changes to the economic substructure of a society create new social classes, new relationships between classes, and new conditions of oppression.
a. demographic
b. environmental
*c. economic
d. ideological

5. "It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but their social existence that determines their consciousness." This quotation explains
~ This quotation explains that human consciousness (of self-worth, of oppression, of how the world should work, etc.) stems from one's position within the society's mode of production. The mode of production is the economic system for a particular era. 
@ This quotation explains that human consciousness (of self-worth, of oppression, of how the world should work, etc.) stems from one's position within the society's mode of production. The mode of production is the economic system for a particular era. 
a. that consciousness is a product of materialism.
b. the reason behind the decline of guilds.
c. Historical Dialecticism.
*d. that human consciousness stems from one's position within the society's mode of production.

6. What pattern does Marx ascribe to historical development?
~ teleological
@ teleological
a. Marxist
*b. teleological
c. cyclical
d. revolutionary

7. What are the motive forces in historical development, according to Marx?
~ According to Marx, historical development is propelled by class conflict in which owners oppress workers and workers rebel. This argument focuses on structural causes of historical development rather than individuals or groups as causes. Marxist historiography focuses on how economic systems create sets of structural social relationships that influence how humans behave and think.
@ According to Marx, historical development is propelled by class conflict in which owners oppress workers and workers rebel. This argument focuses on structural causes of historical development rather than individuals or groups as causes. Marxist historiography focuses on how economic systems create sets of structural social relationships that influence how humans behave and think.
a. relationships between town and country
b. human passions, especially the desire for freedom
c. heroic revolutionaries
*d. class conflict in which owners oppress workers and workers rebel

8. Which of the following best represents the relationship between the "mode of production" and "relations of production"?
~ In feudalism, the dominant capital-owning class is the landed aristocracy, which exploits the serfs or peasants who labor on the agricultural estates. The "mode of production" refers to the economic system that orders human life in any given era (feudalism, guild manufacturing, industrial capitalism). The "relations of production" are the classes that own the "means of production" (agricultural estates, artisanal tools and shops, factories and transportation systems) and their relationship to the economy and eachother (the aristocracy owned the estates while serfs did the work; guild masters owned the tools and shops while journeymen did the work; the bourgeois capitalists owned the factories and railways while proletarians did the work).
@ In feudalism, the dominant capital-owning class is the landed aristocracy, which exploits the serfs or peasants who labor on the agricultural estates. The "mode of production" refers to the economic system that orders human life in any given era (feudalism, guild manufacturing, industrial capitalism). The "relations of production" are the classes that own the "means of production" (agricultural estates, artisanal tools and shops, factories and transportation systems) and their relationship to the economy and eachother (the aristocracy owned the estates while serfs did the work; guild masters owned the tools and shops while journeymen did the work; the bourgeois capitalists owned the factories and railways while proletarians did the work).
a. In industrial capitalism, the dominant capital-owning class is the bourgeoisie.
*b. In feudalism, the dominant capital-owning class is the landed aristocracy, which exploits the serfs or peasants who labor on the agricultural estates. 
c. The bourgeoises rises from the ashes of the guild system as owners of property and in control of their own economic destinies.
d. In landed agriculture, the dominant capital-owning class is the monarchy and the people do all the farming.

9. In contrast to Hegel, Marx believed
~ In contrast to Hegel, Marx believed that the State did not guarantee perfect human freedom. According to Marx, the State neither guaranteed individual autonomy nor the universal common good.
@ In contrast to Hegel, Marx believed that the State did not guarantee perfect human freedom. According to Marx, the State neither guaranteed individual autonomy nor the universal common good.
a. that absolute spirit would never be attained.
b. that Enlightenment idealism prevented attainment of freedom.
*c. that the state was not a perfect reflection of human freedom.
d. that God was the primary cause of historical change.

10.  In Historical Materialism, what is the "superstructure"?
~ In Historical Materialism, the superstructure includes social classes and ideology, both of which change when the economic substructure changes. If the economy shifts from home-based manufacturing to factory-based manufacturing, social classes will shift so that more people are simply wage workers in a factory rather than owners of sheep, spinning jenneys, and looms. They will also think differently about the world and behave differently.
@ In Historical Materialism, the superstructure includes social classes and ideology, both of which change when the economic substructure changes. If the economy shifts from home-based manufacturing to factory-based manufacturing, social classes will shift so that more people are simply wage workers in a factory rather than owners of sheep, spinning jenneys, and looms. They will also think differently about the world and behave differently.
*a. social classes and ideology
b. economics
c. the Nietzschean Übermensch, or "superman"
d. class conflict