
1. Weber's critique of historical materialism 
~ Weber's critique of historical materialism claimed that changes in the superstructure (development of a spirit of capitalism) influenced changes in the substructure. The spirit of capitalism helped lead to fully realized capitalist economies. In the Marxist understanding of historical change, capitalist economies would have developed first (changes in the substructure), leading the dominant class to develop new ideologies to justify their positions in the new economic system (changes in the superstructure or ideology).
@ Weber's critique of historical materialism claimed that changes in the superstructure (development of a spirit of capitalism) influenced changes in the substructure. The spirit of capitalism helped lead to fully realized capitalist economies. In the Marxist understanding of historical change, capitalist economies would have developed first (changes in the substructure), leading the dominant class to develop new ideologies to justify their positions in the new economic system (changes in the superstructure or ideology).
a. involved Weber's assertion that historical change is driven by economic motives, and that the spirit of capitalism reflected economic shifts in society.
b. is never fully explained within the given reading.
*c. claimed that changes in the superstructure (development of a spirit of capitalism) influenced changes in the substructure.
d. argued that the southern colonies of America were quick to develop a spirit of capitalism because they had been founded as business ventures.

2. Weber's rationalization thesis holds that
~ Weber's rationalization thesis holds that as Western cultures modernize, they will become more secular and less religious. Weber concluded this based on his observation of secularization in Europe. 
@ Weber's rationalization thesis holds that as Western cultures modernize, they will become more secular and less religious. Weber concluded this based on his observation of secularization in Europe.
*a. as Western cultures modernize, they will become more secular and less religious.
b. the longer a state exists, the greater its understanding of the "natural world" was.
c. John Calvin led to the creation of a spirit of capitalism.
d. Christianity was waning in Europe due to the greater advances made overtime in the sciences.

3. The Lutheran concept of a "calling"
~ The Lutheran concept of a "calling" led to a conception of worldly affairs having a religious significance. 
@ The Lutheran concept of a "calling" led to a conception of worldly affairs having a religious significance. 
a. was rejected by Calvinists.
b. is Weber's idea of the primary motive force of historical change.
c. meant that part of humanity was to be saved, the rest damned.
*d. led to a conception of worldly affairs having a religious significance.

4. "Remember, that time is money. He that can earn ten shillings a day by his labor, and goes abroad, or sits idle, one half of that day, though he spends but sixpence during his diversion or idleness, ought not to reckon that the only expense; he has really spent, rather thrown away, five shillings." This quotation supports Weber's thesis about a "spirit of capitalism" by showing that
~ The "time is money" quotation shows that, by the time of Benjamin Franklin, Europeans and European settlers in America had fully adopted a moral ideology that generation of wealth was good and relaxation was immoral. Time should not be wasted: it should be spent in the pursuit of wealth. Early in the process, Protestants accrued wealth for the glory of God and as proof of their own status as "elect" or saved, but over time, the religious justification was lost and the only the moral tone remained.
@ The "time is money" quotation shows that, by the time of Benjamin Franklin, Europeans and European settlers in America had fully adopted a moral ideology that generation of wealth was good and relaxation was immoral. Time should not be wasted: it should be spent in the pursuit of wealth. Early in the process, Protestants accrued wealth for the glory of God and as proof of their own status as "elect" or saved, but over time, the religious justification was lost and the only the moral tone remained.
*a. by the time of Benjamin Franklin, Europeans and European settlers in America had fully adopted a moral ideology that generation of wealth was good and relaxation was immoral.
b. People should demonstrate their worth by making at least ten shillings a day.
c. pure profit motive had replaced the importance of "the calling" in attaining eternal sanctification.
d. Weber believed people should pursue wealth nonstop, in order to spend the later years of life in relaxation.

5. The contribution of Baptist Sects to the spirit of capitalism
~ The contribution of Baptist Sects to the spirit of capitalism was the channeling of labor away from service of the state into private business. Baptist sects did not permit members to carry arms or work for the state. Therefore labor for the glory of God tended to be for private profit as well.
@ The contribution of Baptist Sects to the spirit of capitalism was the channeling of labor away from service of the state into private business. Baptist sects did not permit members to carry arms or work for the state. Therefore labor for the glory of God tended to be for private profit as well.
a. was the quest for undeserved possession of divine grace and immediate consciousness of justification and forgiveness. 
b. was the doctrine of predestination.
c. was the Lutheran concept of the "calling."
*d. was the channeling of labor away from service of the state into private business.

6. As Protestants developed a "spirit of capitalism," the idea of being wealthy evolved from
~ In the emergence of the spirit of capitalism, wealth evolved from being immoral to being a sign of God's blessing. 
@ In the emergence of the spirit of capitalism, wealth evolved from being immoral to being a sign of God's blessing. 
a. the obsession of the lower classes to the pockets of the bourgeois elite.
*b. being immoral to being a sign of God's blessing.
c. being a sign of one's good standing with God to being a sign of eternal damnation.
d. being a sign of power to demonstrating a good work ethic.

7. According to Weber, what did the Calvinists contribute to the Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism?
~ The Calvinist doctrine of predestination led Calvinists to seek evidence that they were among the "elect," those destined for salvation. Hard work for the glory of God, and the profits of that work, provided evidence.
@ The Calvinist doctrine of predestination led Calvinists to seek evidence that they were among the "elect," those destined for salvation. Hard work for the glory of God, and the profits of that work, provided evidence.
a. The Calvinists believed in a "calling," that God would "call" one to serve in a particular job on earth. Profits earned in that job were thus blessed by God.
*b. The Calvinist doctrine of predestination led Calvinists to seek evidence that they were among the "elect," those destined for salvation. Hard work for the glory of God, and the profits of that work, provided evidence.
c. The Calvinist rule that church members could not serve the state or bear arms led members to invest their labor in private business.
d. The Calvinists contributed the idea that one could achieve certain knowledge of "sanctification" (salvation) in this life by constant hard labor, rewarded by a sudden sense of freedom from sin and spiritual transformation.

8. What function did "labor in a calling" serve for Protestant Christians, according to Weber?
~ Labor in a calling served the Protestant Christian as evidence that he was "elect," or chosen for salvation. Weber wrote, "by what fruits [did] the Calvinist [think] himself able to identify true faith? the answer is: by a type of Christian conduct which served to increase the glory of God.... Only one of the elect really has the fides efficax, only he is able by virtue of his rebirth (regeneratio) and the resulting sanctification (sanctificatio) of his whole life, to augment the glory of God by real, and not merely apparent, good works. It was through the consciousness that his conduct...rested on a power within himself working for the glory of God; that it is not only willed of God but rather done by God that he attained the highest good towards which this religion strove, the certainty of salvation."
@ Labor in a calling served the Protestant Christian as evidence that he was "elect," or chosen for salvation. Weber wrote, "by what fruits [did] the Calvinist [think] himself able to identify true faith? the answer is: by a type of Christian conduct which served to increase the glory of God.... Only one of the elect really has the fides efficax, only he is able by virtue of his rebirth (regeneratio) and the resulting sanctification (sanctificatio) of his whole life, to augment the glory of God by real, and not merely apparent, good works. It was through the consciousness that his conduct...rested on a power within himself working for the glory of God; that it is not only willed of God but rather done by God that he attained the highest good towards which this religion strove, the certainty of salvation."
a. Labor in a calling served to remind Protestant Christians how much money they could make if they worked hard.
b. Labor in a calling served to demonstrate to Protestant Christians how oppressed they were in capitalist economies.
*c. Labor in a calling served the Protestant Christian as evidence that he was "elect," or chosen for salvation.
d. Labor in a calling served to distance the Protestant Christian from religion, according to Weber's rationalization thesis.

9. Which of the following quotations refers to the influence Calvinism played in forming the spirit of capitalism?
~ "By the decree of God, for the manifestation of His glory, some men and angels are predestinated unto everlasting life, and others foreordained to everlasting death...." The doctrine of predestination led to an inner loneliness and a drive to follow one’s own path, leading a Calvinist to seek evidence of his salvation in worldly success.
@ "By the decree of God, for the manifestation of His glory, some men and angels are predestinated unto everlasting life, and others foreordained to everlasting death...." The doctrine of predestination led to an inner loneliness and a drive to follow one’s own path, leading a Calvinist to seek evidence of his salvation in worldly success.
a. "[A]t least one thing was unquestionably new: the valuation of the fulfillment of duty in worldly affairs as the highest form which the moral activity of the individual could assume."
b. "[T]he method was used primarily to bring about the emotional act of conversion. And the emphasis primarily to bring about the emotional act of conversion."
c. "In the first place, by the refusal to accept office in the service of the State, which originated as a religious duty following from the repudiation of everything worldly."
*d. "By the decree of God, for the manifestation of His glory, some men and angels are predestinated unto everlasting life, and others foreordained to everlasting death...."

10. What are the motive forces in history according to Weber?
~ According to Weber, ideas are the motive forces in history, in this case religious ideas.
@ According to Weber, ideas are the motive forces in history, in this case religious ideas.
a. Great Men
*b. Ideas
c. Economics
d. Capitalism