
1. Why does Croce refer to the history of Hellenic painting as "a tissue of empty words?"
~ No Hellenic paintings survive, so although we know the names of painters and anecdotes about them, those details are separate from direct knowledge of their works and are thus empty names.
@ No Hellenic paintings survive, so although we know the names of painters and anecdotes about them, those details are separate from direct knowledge of their works and are thus empty names.
a. Hellenic painting often depicts scenes of great sadness, leaving those who view it to be unable to express the feelings the art evokes with words.
*b. No Hellenic paintings survive, so although we know the names of painters and anecdotes about them, those details are separate from direct knowledge of their works and are thus empty names.
c. The phrase is a reference to the famed Roman orator Cicero.
d. Croce was unimpressed by the work that has been done by historians who have investigated Hellenistic painting.

2. In contrast to historians such as Spengler, Croce
~ In contrast to historians such as Spengler, Croce held onto the belief in progress. 
@ In contrast to historians such as Spengler, Croce held onto the belief in progress. 
a. was a realist.
b. was a idealist.
*c. held onto the belief of progress. 
d. continued to believe in a teleological vision of history.

3. The following quotation refers to what? "...for it is evident that only an interest in the life of the present can move one to investigate past fact." 
~ Croce's belief that all history is contemporary. According to Croce, history, if done right, must serve some present interest.
@ Croce's belief that all history is contemporary. According to Croce, history, if done right, must serve some present interest.
a. Croce's distrust in a realist or scientific approach to historical research.
*b. Croce's belief that all history is contemporary.
c. Croce's belief that history is only valuable to those in pursuit of a political career.
d. Croce's belief that histories separated from their living documents are empty narratives.

4. Croce's problem with Ranke stems from Croce's belief that facts cannot be presented without being in some regard judged. What does Croce mean by saying that a historian always "judges" facts?
~ A historian necessarily makes a judgment when including a fact in a narrative: whether that fact has value to the narrative or not. Croce writes: “To expound things as they really happened” is, according to the famous formula of Ranke, the sole purpose of history, but either it was left out or he meant it to be read between the lines that facts cannot be expounded as they happened, unless they be qualified and therefore judged...."
@ A historian necessarily makes a judgment when including a fact in a narrative: whether that fact has value to the narrative or not. Croce writes: “To expound things as they really happened” is, according to the famous formula of Ranke, the sole purpose of history, but either it was left out or he meant it to be read between the lines that facts cannot be expounded as they happened, unless they be qualified and therefore judged...."
*a. A historian necessarily makes a judgment when including a fact in a narrative: whether that fact has value to the narrative or not.
b. A historian always creates heroes and villains, thereby placing blame or "judging."
c. A historian is always biased and cannot ever be truly objective.
d. If all history is contemporary, then the past does not truly exist and "facts" can never be proven valid.

5. In which of the following quotations is Croce referring to thinkers such as Spengler?
~ "Jubilant announcements, resigned admissions or desperate lamentations that liberty has now deserted the world are frequently heard nowadays; the ideal of liberty is said to have set on the horizon of history, in a sunset without promise of sunrise."
@ "Jubilant announcements, resigned admissions or desperate lamentations that liberty has now deserted the world are frequently heard nowadays; the ideal of liberty is said to have set on the horizon of history, in a sunset without promise of sunrise."
a. "This philosophy, by compromising and contradicting its own principles, sets out to describe the various stages in the progress of thought until it ends its course in the philosophy of the Idea beyond which there is no further progress."
b. "[O]thers who are disposed to save themselves and the human race from pain and from the damage of conflicts...would like to smooth the corners and resolve the conflicts in compromises and mutual concessions and establish perpetual peace in this or that part of life, or in universal life."
*c. "Jubilant announcements, resigned admissions or desperate lamentations that liberty has now deserted the world are frequently heard nowadays; the ideal of liberty is said to have set on the horizon of history, in a sunset without promise of sunrise."
d. "...describes human history in its progress from the ancient servile economy to mediæval serfhood and to the modern capitalism or wage economy, throughout its whole course weighted down with the yoke of necessity then discerns that history, advancing by a new and definite dialectical progress through the negation of negation into a final stage."

6. According to Croce, liberty 
~ According to Croce liberty is always re-establishing itself, and after a setback re-establishes the conditions for a more intense liberty. 
@ According to Croce liberty is always re-establishing itself, and after a setback re-establishes the conditions for a more intense liberty.
*a. is always re-establishing itself.
b. can only exist in a world with no evil.
c. does not exist in reality, only ideally.
d. is always seeking to realize itself.

7. Croce believes that history must have _____, in order for it to benefit the present.
~ Croce believes that history must have a potentiality for action, in order for it to benefit the present.
@ Croce believes that history must have a potentiality for action, in order for it to benefit the present.
a. an anti-Hegelian approach
b. acceptance of historical materialism
c. dropped the notion of progress
*d. a potentiality for action

8. Following Croce's beliefs, which of the following would serve little practical use to a historian putting together a history of mathematics?
~ Documents describing the "brilliance" of lost mathematical formulas of the Akkadian Empire would serve little practical use to historians because the formulas themselves no longer exist. The "brilliance" elaborated on in these documents cannot be verified or appreciated by the historian putting together the history of mathematics.
@ Documents describing the "brilliance" of lost mathematical formulas of the Akkadian Empire would serve little practical use to historians because the formulas themselves no longer exist. The "brilliance" elaborated on in these documents cannot be verified or appreciated by the historian putting together the history of mathematics.
a. Documents describing the way math has been used to advance military technology.
b. Newly uncovered mathematical formulas from the Mongol Empire that throw off the current mainstream conception of the history of mathematics.
c. Diary entries from Isaac Newton.
*d. Documents describing the "brilliance" of lost mathematical formulas of the Akkadian Empire.

9. Why is all history contemporary according to Croce?
~ History is always perceived and understood in the present moment. Written histories thus lose their value if readers no longer find contemporary relevance in them.
@ History is always perceived and understood in the present moment. Written histories thus lose their value if readers no longer find contemporary relevance in them.
a. Every piece of history has a purpose and never is one fact more valuable than another.
*b. History is always perceived and understood in the present moment.
c. Since Croce believes that history is the story of progress, all written histories lose their value when they are no longer contemporary.
d. All history is not contemporary according to Croce.

10. The motive force of history for Croce appears to be
~ The motive force of history for Croce appears to be the never-ending drive toward liberty. Croce argues that liberty cannot exist without facing opposition, the form of which is always changing, causing liberty itself to change and develop.
@ The motive force of history for Croce appears to be the never-ending drive toward liberty. Croce argues that liberty cannot exist without facing opposition, the form of which is always changing, causing liberty itself to change and develop.
a. the abstractions of Hegel's spirit.
b. economics.
*c. the never-ending drive toward liberty.
d. human emotion.