
1. According to Hobsbawm, which of the following is NOT a benefit that historians can derive from the study of the invention of tradition?
~ The study of invented traditions requires an interdisciplinary approach.
@ The study of invented traditions requires an interdisciplinary approach.
a. Understanding of invented traditions can be evidence of historical developments that are otherwise difficult to identify.
b. Understanding of invented traditions sheds light on how human societies relate to the past.
*c. Understanding of invented traditions only requires the effort of a single discipline.
d. Understanding of invented traditions allows for better understanding of nationalism.

2. Which of the following is an example of Hobsbawm's conception of "routine" as opposed to "tradition" or "custom"?
~ Brushing one's teeth is an example of Hobsbawm's conception of "routine."
@ Brushing one's teeth is an example of Hobsbawm's conception of "routine."
*a. One brushes one's teeth after every meal.
b. Villagers claim a right based on past access to that right.
c. Spectators at a sporting event stand as the national anthem is played.
d. Fox hunters wear pink.

3. "Tradition shows weakness when, as among liberal Jews, dietary prohibitions are justified pragmatically, as by arguing that the ancient Hebrews banned pork on grounds of hygiene. Conversely, objects or practices are liberated for full symbolic and ritual use when no longer fettered by practical use." This quotation illustrates
~ This quotation illustrates the idea that traditions (as neo-traditions) do not serve any practical purpose. They do not function to create good hygiene but rather to define or socialize groups or to justify hierarchies.
@ This quotation illustrates the idea that traditions (as neo-traditions) do not serve any practical purpose. They do not function to create good hygiene but rather to define or socialize groups or to justify hierarchies.
a. the difference between customs and routines.
b. the idea that traditions serve deep, evolved social purposes.
*c. the idea that traditions (as neo-traditions) do not serve any practical purpose.
d. the "invented" aspect of invented traditions.

4. Select the appropriate terms to fill in the blanks in the following quotation: "_____ is what judges do; _____ is the wig, robe, and other formal paraphernalia and ritualized practices surrounding their substantial action." 
~ "Custom is what judges do; tradition is the wig, robe, and other formal paraphernalia and ritualized practices surrounding their substantial action."
@ "Custom is what judges do; tradition is the wig, robe, and other formal paraphernalia and ritualized practices surrounding their substantial action."
a. Tradition, custom
*b. Custom, tradition
c. Tradition, routine
d. Routine, custom

5. Which of the following is an example of an invented tradition?
~ The Freemason ritual is an example of an invented tradition. While said to originate with the guilds of the 14th century, it probably originated in the 1700s during anti-monarchial movements. The ritual reminds initiates of their ancient past and their distinctive beliefs as a group. The saddle horn is a custom, the White Rose orator is a custom, and ballet toe-taping is a routine.
@ The Freemason ritual is an example of an invented tradition. While said to originate with the guilds of the 14th century, it probably originated in the 1700s during anti-monarchial movements. The ritual reminds initiates of their ancient past and their distinctive beliefs as a group. The saddle horn and White Rose orator are customs, and ballet toe-taping is a routine.
a. Western-style horse saddles are built with a saddle horn to which roped cattle can be tied. Even though most users of Western saddles no longer rope cattle, the saddle still includes the horn.
*b. Upon initiation into the Freemasons, intiates participate in a ritual that reenacts the building of the Judaic Temple in Jerusalem and handle ritual objects associated with the building of the Temple. The ritual reminds the initiates of their solidarity with all builders. The presence of multiple religious texts in the ritual reminds them of their allegiance to the Great Architect.
c. Ballet dancers tape their toes with padded tape before dancing "on pointe," to prevent injury to the toes.
d. During the week of Commencement, Baldwin Wallace University nominates a "White Rose" orator and 26 attendants, always female students who dress in white, to make a speech and lay a white rose before the portrait of Philura Baldwin in the old Carnegie library building, in commemoration of John Baldwin's granddaughter who served as the university's first librarian and died of tuberculosis at age 26.

6. Which of the following quotations from the text helps to define "invented tradition?"
~ An invented tradition is "a set of practices, normally governed by overtly or tacitly accepted rules and of a ritual or symbolic nature which seek to inculcate certain values and norms of behavior by repetition, which automatically implies continuity with the past."
@ An invented tradition is "a set of practices, normally governed by overtly or tacitly accepted rules and of a ritual or symbolic nature which seek to inculcate certain values and norms of behavior by repetition, which automatically implies continuity with the past."
a. "Much of it is still rather obscure. It is presumably most clearly exemplified where a 'tradition' is deliberately invented and constructed by a single initiator."
b. "...any social practice that needs to be carried out repeatedly will tend, for convenience and efficiency, to develop a set of such conventions and routines."
c. "What it does is to give any desired change (or resistance to innovation) the sanction of precedent, social continuity, and natural laws as expressed in history."
*d. "...a set of practices, normally governed by overtly or tacitly accepted rules and of a ritual or symbolic nature which seek to inculcate certain values and norms of behavior by repetition, which automatically implies continuity with the past."

7. Which of the following quotations from the text represents a critique of Rostow?
~ The reference to modernization theory is a critique of Rostow. "Such changes have been particularly significant in the past 200 years, and it is therefore reasonable to expect these instant formalizations of new traditions to cluster during this period. This implies, incidentally, against both nineteenth-century liberalism and more recent 'modernization' theory that such formalizations are not confined to so-called 'traditional' societies, but also have their place, in one form or another, in 'modern' ones."
@ The reference to modernization theory is a critique of Rostow. "Such changes have been particularly significant in the past 200 years, and it is therefore reasonable to expect these instant formalizations of new traditions to cluster during this period. This implies, incidentally, against both nineteenth-century liberalism and more recent 'modernization' theory that such formalizations are not confined to so-called 'traditional' societies, but also have their place, in one form or another, in 'modern' ones."
a. "'Tradition' in this sense must be distinguished clearly from 'custom' which dominates so-called 'traditional' societies. The object and characteristic of 'traditions' including invented ones, is invariance."
b. "Nothing appears more ancient, and linked to an immemorial past, than the pageantry which surrounds British monarchy in its public ceremonial manifestations. Yet, as a chapter in this book establishes, in its modern form it is the product of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries."
c. "All these rest on exercises in social engineering which are often deliberate and always innovative, if only because historical novelty implies innovation. Israeli and Palestinian nationalism or nations must be novel, whatever the historic continuities of Jews, or Middle Eastern Muslims, since the very concept of territorial states of the currently standard type in their region was barely thought of a century ago."
*d. "Such changes have been particularly significant in the past 200 years, and it is therefore reasonable to expect these instant formalizations of new traditions to cluster during this period. This implies, incidentally, against both nineteenth-century liberalism and more recent 'modernization' theory that such formalizations are not confined to so-called 'traditional' societies, but also have their place, in one form or another, in 'modern' ones."

8. As stated by Hobsbawm, in contrast to invented traditions, customs
~ As stated by Hobsbawm, in contrast to invented traditions, customs are flexible and often change (Why do we irrigate our fields this way? Because it works. When it ceases to work, the custom will change). Traditions must remain the same because their function is to imply continuity with the past. (Why do we do this? Because we have always done it this way, and doing it this way honors our heritage.)
@ As stated by Hobsbawm, in contrast to invented traditions, customs are flexible and often change (Why do we irrigate our fields this way? Because it works. When it ceases to work, the custom will change). Traditions must remain the same because their function is to imply continuity with the past. (Why do we do this? Because we have always done it this way, and doing it this way honors our heritage.)
*a. are flexible and often change.
b. serve to emphasize the power of the dominant class.
c. are characteristically invariant.
d. do not exist in "traditional" societies.

9. Invented traditions are 
~ Invented traditions are markers of nationalism. 
@ Invented traditions are markers of nationalism. 
a. always based on untrue accounts of history.
b. products of the Marxist substructure.
*c. markers of nationalism.
d. always based on ancient traditions.

10. In Marxian terms, customs and routines belong to 
~ In Marxian terms, customs and routines belong to the substructure, as their justifications are technical rather than ideological. Traditions belong to the superstructure.
@ In Marxian terms, customs and routines belong to the substructure, as their justifications are technical rather than ideological. Traditions belong to the superstructure.
a. the superstructure.
b. the dominant class.
c. the forces of production.
*d. the substructure.