
1. Foucault's impact on historiography
~ Foucault's impact on historiography led historians to investigate how human societies produce or construct knowledge. 
@ Foucault's impact on historiography led historians to investigate how human societies produce or construct knowledge. 
a. led to a resurgence of modernist objectivity.
b. led historians to investigate structures of power to reveal the fundamental code of human behavior.
c. led to a major decline in "objective" historical writing.
*d. led historians to investigate how human societies produce or construct knowledge.

2. Foucault borrowed ideas from Antonio Gramsci. His borrowing of the concept of "spontaneous consent" can be seen in which of the following quotations?
~ "Since merit and behavior alone must decide the place of the pupil, 'those of the last two classes would be able to flatter themselves that they would be able to rise to the first two and bear its marks, when by universal agreement, they will be recognized as having made themselves worthy of it by change in their conduct and by their progress." People consent to these structures of power in part because of a inner hope to reach the ranks of those "above them."
@ "Since merit and behavior alone must decide the place of the pupil, 'those of the last two classes would be able to flatter themselves that they would be able to rise to the first two and bear its marks, when by universal agreement, they will be recognized as having made themselves worthy of it by change in their conduct and by their progress." People consent to these structures of power in part because of a inner hope to reach the ranks of those "above them."
a. "The Brothers of the Christian Schools wanted their pupils to be examined every day of the week: on the first for spelling, on the second for arithmetic, on the third for catechism in the morning, and for handwriting in the afternoon, etc."
*b. "Since merit and behavior alone must decide the place of the pupil, 'those of the last two classes would be able to flatter themselves that they would be able to rise to the first two and bear its marks, when by universal agreement, they will be recognized as having made themselves worthy of it by change in their conduct and by their progress."
c. "Disciplinary punishment has the function of reducing gaps. It must therefore be essentially corrective. In addition to punishments borrowed directly from the judicial model (fines, flogging, solitary confinement), the disciplinary systems favour punishments that are exercise--intensified, multiplied forms of training, several times repeated: the regulations of 1766 for the infantry laid down that lance corporals 'who show some negligence or lack of willingness will be reduced to the rank of private,' and they will be able to rise to their former rank only after new exercises and a new examination."
d. "...to render visible those who are inside it; in more general terms, an architecture that would operate to transform individuals: to act on those it shelters, to provide a hold on their conduct, to carry the effects of power right to them, to alter them."

3. What Foucaultian jargon is used to refer to networks of surveillance in modern societies that diagnose deviance and induce conformity in its objects? 
~ Networks of surveillance in modern societies that diagnose deviance and induce conformity in its objects are referred to as "the gaze."
@ Networks of surveillance in modern societies that diagnose deviance and induce conformity in its objects are referred to as the gaze.
*a. the gaze.
b. discipline.
c. the examination.
d. discursive formation.

4. According to Foucault, teachers of discipline must endeavor to make rewards more frequent than penalties. Why?
~ According to Foucault, teachers of discipline must endeavor to make rewards more frequent than penalties because rewards encourage individuals to conform.
@ According to Foucault, teachers of discipline must endeavor to make rewards more frequent than penalties because rewards encourage individuals to conform.
a. Rewards help make systems of power look less nefarious and more legitimate.
b. Discursive formation will occur without a reward system.
c. Without a system of rewards, discipline would not be effective enough to continue its dominant control over individuals.
*d. Rewards encourage individuals to conform.

5. Post-structuralism
~ Post-structuralism denies that a study of language and culture can reveal underlying codes of human behavior. It is a reaction to structuralism that also denies the realist notion that language can convey reality exactly from an author to a reader so as to allow objectivity.
@ Post-structuralism denies that a study of language and culture can reveal underlying codes of human behavior. It is a reaction to structuralism that also denies the realist notion that language can convey reality exactly from an author to a reader so as to allow objectivity.
*a. denies that a study of language and culture can reveal underlying codes of human behavior.
b. argues that what we "know" is constructed by relations of power.
c. states that language can convey reality exactly from an author to a reader so as to allow objectivity.
d. is ideologically realist.

6. Which of the following is NOT an example of Foucault's idea of disciplinary surveillance?
~ In today’s world, one can observe Foucault's idea of surveillance operating in many ways, but most clearly through smart-device access to the internet. If you have ever spoken about a product within hearing distance of your phone and then found advertisements for the product in your feed, you have experienced surveillance.
@ In today’s world, one can observe Foucault's idea of surveillance operating in many ways, but most clearly through smart-device access to the internet. If you have ever spoken about a product within hearing distance of your phone and then found advertisements for the product in your feed, you have experienced surveillance.
a. You speak about a product with your smartphone nearby, and advertisements for that product start showing up in your social media feeds.
*b. You enter a grocery store and are surrounded by advertisements for "Decadent Brownie Bites." You start to feel hungry and buy a box of Decadent Brownie Bites. 
c. You stop at a red light at an intersection in the remote countryside. No one else is around, but you wait for the light to turn green before crossing the intersection.
d. You take a standardized exam in high school and score poorly in math. Your guidance counselor sees the score and recommends that you take the remedial math course rather than the honors math you had planned to take.

7. According to Foucault, disciplinary punishment aims at 
~ According to Foucault, disciplinary punishment aims at normalizing its "truths." The punishment encourages the individual to assimilate to the norm. 
@ According to Foucault, disciplinary punishment aims at normalizing its "truths." The punishment encourages the individual to assimilate to the norm. 
a. repressing individual freedoms.
b. identifying only those who refuse to conform.
*c. normalizing its "truths."
d. making the individual into a spectacle for public education.

8. Paraphrase the following quotation of Foucault: "Discipline 'makes' individuals; it is the specific technique of a power that regards individuals both as objects and as instruments of its exercise. It is not a triumphant power, which because of its own excess can pride itself on its omnipotence; it is a modest, suspicious power, which functions as a calculated, but permanent economy."
~ Discipline constructs individuals (for example by showing how they deviate from the norm), acts through individuals (people supervise and watch each other), and affects individuals (people are disciplined and discipline themselves). Discipline is not a single entity of power (it is not a king); rather, its method of operation is dispersed throughout society (discipline as method of power is integrated into our schools, sports, media, and social sciences). 
@ Discipline constructs individuals (for example by showing how they deviate from the norm), acts through individuals (people supervise and watch each other), and affects individuals (people are disciplined and discipline themselves). Discipline is not a single entity of power (it is not a king); rather, its method of operation is dispersed throughout society (discipline as method of power is integrated into our schools, sports, media, and social sciences). 
a. Discipline has become such an integral part of society that we can never seek to escape it.
b. Discipline has no regards for the individual and is embodied as a single entity.
*c. Discipline constructs individuals, acts through individuals, and affects individuals. Discipline is not a single entity of power; rather, its method of operation is dispersed throughout society. 
d. Discipline makes individuals do things, but only small, insignificant things.

9. Schools, military camps, prisons, and other places that exhibit the disciplinary apparatus 
~ Schools, military camps, prisons, and other places that exhibit the disciplinary apparatus are built with observation in mind. The perfect structure, according to Foucault, would be one that allowed a single gaze to see everything perpetually (such as Jeremy Bentham's Utilitarian prison, the Panopticon).
@ Schools, military camps, prisons, and other places that exhibit the disciplinary apparatus are built with observation in mind. The perfect structure, according to Foucault, would be one that allowed a single gaze to see everything perpetually (such as Jeremy Bentham's Utilitarian prison, the Panopticon).
a. have over time fought back against increases in discipline.
b. are all part of a centralized organization of power.
c. utilize physical discipline in order to coerce obediance.
*d. are built with observation in mind.

10. Examinations, according to Foucault, do all of the following EXCEPT
~ Examinations, according to Foucault, do all of the following EXCEPT neglect certain individuals. Everyone who takes an examination is categorized and subjected to some sort of action to help them either come closer to the "norm," or allow those who excel at the norm special opportunities.
@ Examinations, according to Foucault, do all of the following EXCEPT neglect certain individuals. Everyone who takes an examination is categorized and subjected to some sort of action to help them either come closer to the "norm," or allow those who excel at the norm special opportunities.
a. punish individuals who don't perform to the expected standard.
*b. neglect individuals who don't perform to the expected standard.
c. categorize individuals into those who perform at the expected standard, better than the standard, and below the standard.
d. make individuals into cases for not performing to the expected standard.