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1. Polybius believed in the Greek deity Tyche, or Fortune, which led him to describe changes in history as: 
~ Polybius believed in the Greek deity Tyche, or Fortune, which led him to describe changes in history as constantly pushing humanity to learn from mistakes. "[T]he study of History is in the truest sense an education, and a training for political life; and that the most instructive, or rather the only, method of learning to bear with dignity the vicissitudes of fortune is to recall the catastrophes of others.”
@ Polybius believed in the Greek deity Tyche, or Fortune, which led him to describe changes in history as constantly pushing humanity to learn from mistakes. "[T]he study of History is in the truest sense an education, and a training for political life; and that the most instructive, or rather the only, method of learning to bear with dignity the vicissitudes of fortune is to recall the catastrophes of others.”
a. unnatural
b. economically motivated
*c. constantly pushing humanity to learn from its mistakes.
d. brought upon by leaders/heroes

2. Kingship -> Tyranny -> Aristocracy -> Oligarchy -> Democracy -> Anarchy -> ? | The accurate next step in Polybius's concept of governmental change would be.
~ Kingship -> Tyranny -> Aristocracy -> Oligarchy -> Democracy -> Anarchy -> Kingship | Polybius' concept of historical governmental change is cyclical and naturally occurring.
@ Kingship -> Tyranny -> Aristocracy -> Oligarchy -> Democracy -> Anarchy -> Kingship | Polybius' concept of historical governmental change is cyclical and naturally occurring.
*a. Kingship
b. Socialism
c. Anarcho-Syndicalism
d. Feudalism

3. Polybius describes historical change as: 
~ Polybius describes historical change as cyclical and occurring in natural patterns.
@ Polybius describes historical change as cyclical and occurring in natural patterns.
a. ending in catastrophe and rebirth.
b. teleological, ending in establishment of a perfect society.
c. too complex for humans to understand.
*d. cyclical and occurring in natural patterns.

4. Polybius had a greater concern for accuracy than Herodotus due to his belief that history provided the best or only method to 
~ Polybius had a greater concern for accuracy than Herodotus due to his belief that history provided the best or only method to understand the mistakes of others so as to avoid them.
@ Polybius had a greater concern for accuracy than Herodotus due to his belief that history provided the best or only method to understand the mistakes of others so as to avoid them.
a. understand the past so as to obtain power.
*b. understand the mistakes of others so as to avoid them.
c. ensure that the actions of humanity never be forgotten.
d. understand the actions of the otherwise unknowable gods.

5. Polybius worked as a personal _____ for Scipio, who led the sack of Carthage in 146 BCE.
~ Polybius worked as a personal tutor for Scipio, who led the sack of Carthage in 146 BCE. This experience allowed him to view Roman military conquests closely. 
@ Polybius worked as a personal tutor for Scipio, who led the sack of Carthage in 146 BCE. This experience allowed him to view Roman military conquests closely.
*a. tutor
b. military advisor
c. trainer
d. bodyguard

6. Polybius argues that the Lacedaemonian government lasted so long because Lycurgus was able to 
~ Polybius argues that the Lacedaemonian government lasted so long because Lycurgus was able to see the natural course of history. Lycurgus observed the historical cycle of governmental structures and established his constitution to balance the authoritarian powers of kings with the democratic powers of the people, demonstrating Polybius's argument that understanding history allows one to control it.
@ Polybius argues that the Lacedaemonian government lasted so long because Lycurgus was able to see the natural course of history. Lycurgus observed the historical cycle of governmental structures and established his constitution to balance the authoritarian powers of kings with the democratic powers of the people, demonstrating Polybius's argument that understanding history allows one to control it.
a. employ terror effectively. 
b. offer good moral teachings.
*c. see the natural course of history. 
d. spend years devoted to study of history.

7. Polybius uses Lycurgus's constitution to:
~ Polybius uses Lycurgus's constitution to make an argument about how the Romans could balance imperial, senatorial, and democratic powers.
@ Polybius uses Lycurgus's constitution make an argument about how the Romans could balance imperial, senatorial, and democratic powers.
a. make an argument about what causes historical change.
*b. make an argument about how the Romans could balance imperial, senatorial, and democratic powers.
c. explain the decay that follows growth in governments.
d. explain the failure of governments to control mob rule.

8. Polybius argued that a successful government would balance the powers of kingship, aristocracy, and democracy. Each of these governments' naturally-occurring vices would be deterred via a system of: 
~ Polybius argued that a successful government would balance the powers of kingship, aristocracy, and democracy. Each of these governments' naturally-occurring vices would be deterred via a system of checks and balances.
@ Polybius argued that a successful government would balance the powers of kingship, aristocracy, and democracy. Each of these governments' naturally-occurring vices would be deterred via a system of checks and balances. 
a. terror.
*b. checks and balances.
c. military force.
d. centennial constitutional reform.

9. According to Polybius, the natural vice of democracy is 
~ According to Polybius, the natural vice of democracy is lawless ferocity and violence, which he depicts as democracy naturally evolving into anarchy. 
@ According to Polybius, the natural vice of democracy is lawless ferocity and violence, which he depicts as democracy naturally evolving into anarchy.
a. despotism.
b. the tyrannical rule of the wealthy. 
*c. lawless ferocity and violence. 
d. communism. 


10. According to Polybius, the purpose of historical writing is:
~ According to Polybius, the purpose of historical writing is political instruction.
@ According to Polybius, the purpose of historical writing is political instruction.
*a. political instruction.
b. entertainment.
c. to preserve the deeds of human heroes.
d. to show how the gods play with human fates.