
1. Women being seen as domestic workers and men as labor workers relates to which subset of Scott's definition of gender as a integral element of social relationships?
~ Normative concepts that set forth interpretations of the symbols and attempt to limit and contain their metaphoric possibilities. This Victorian-era view showed a clear fixed binary opposition that asserted the meaning of male and female.
@ Normative concepts that set forth interpretations of the symbols and attempt to limit and contain their metaphoric possibilities. This Victorian-era view showed a clear fixed binary opposition that asserted the meaning of male and female.
*a. Normative concepts that set forth interpretations of the symbols and attempt to limit and contain their metaphoric possibilities.
b. Gender must be seen not only as a function of kinship relations but also a construction of labor markets, education, and the polity.
c. Sex-related differences existing to legitimize power between the sexes.
d. Culturally available symbols that evoke multiple and often contradictory representations.

2. Joan Wallach Scott uses the ideas of Michel Foucault when she
~ Scott uses the ideas of Michel Foucault when she suggests that we need to think of power not as unified, coherent, and centralized but as discursively-constructed constellations of unequal relationships.
@ Scott uses the ideas of Michel Foucault when she suggests that we need to think of power not as unified, coherent, and centralized but as discursively-constructed constellations of unequal relationships.
a. claims that gender provides a way to decode meanings of various forms of human interaction.
b. speaks of gender as binary opposition.
*c. suggests that we need to think of power not as unified, coherent, and centralized but as discursively-constructed constellations of unequal relationships.
d. states an element of gender to be culturally available symbols that evoke multiple representations.

3. Which of the following quotations from the text shows Joan Scott's support for the idea that characterizations of gender change over time?
~ "The point of new historical investigation is to disrupt the notion of fixity, to discover the nature of the debate or repression that leads to the appearance of timeless permanence in binary gender representation."
@ "The point of new historical investigation is to disrupt the notion of fixity, to discover the nature of the debate or repression that leads to the appearance of timeless permanence in binary gender representation."
*a. "The point of new historical investigation is to disrupt the notion of fixity, to discover the nature of the debate or repression that leads to the appearance of timeless permanence in binary gender representation."
b. "We need a broader view that includes not only kinship but also (especially for complex modern societies) the labor market (a sex-segregated labor market is part of the process of gender construction), education (all-male, single-sex, or coeducational institutions are part of the same process), and the polity (universal male suffrage is part of the process of gender construction)."
c. "Historians need instead to examine the ways in which gendered identities are substantively constructed and relate their findings to a range of activities, social organizations, and historically specific cultural representations."
d. "The theorizing of gender, however, is developed in my second proposition: gender is a primary way of signifying relationships of power."

4. A public high school that requires stricter dress codes for women relates to which subset of Joan Scott's definition of gender as a way of signifying relationships of power? 
~ Control of women as part of the construction and consolidation of power. The high school dress code constructs women as temptresses or innocents, projecting an image of the school as protector of morality in loco parentis. The girl is powerless, the (male-dominated?) school is powerful.
@ Control of women as part of the construction and consolidation of power. The high school dress code constructs women as temptresses or innocents, projecting an image of the school as protector of morality in loco parentis. The girl is powerless, the (male-dominated?) school is powerful.
a. Gender must be seen not only as a function of kinship relations but also a construction of labor markets, education, and the polity
b. Normative concepts that set forth interpretations of the symbols, and attempt to limit and contain their metaphoric possibilities
c. Sex-related differences existing to legitimize power between the sexes
*d. Control of women as part of the construction and consolidation of power

5. Which of the following is NOT part of Joan Scott's idea for new historical investigation?
~ Shutting down unhelpful feminist political strategies is NOT part of Scott's idea for new historical investigation. Scott states that this new historical investigation will yield new possibilities of thought regarding feminist political strategies and the (utopian) future.
@ Shutting down unhelpful feminist political strategies is NOT part of Scott's idea for new historical investigation. Scott states that this new historical investigation will yield new possibilities of thought regarding feminist political strategies and the (utopian) future.
a. Disrupting the idea that gender roles have always been the same over time
b. Providing new perspectives on old questions
c. Making women visibly active participants in history
*d. Shutting down unhelpful feminist political strategies

6. The questions surrounding gender that Joan Scott brings to light can be applied
~ The questions surrounding gender that Scott brings to light can be applied to any concept that is a social construct such as class or race.
@ The questions surrounding gender that Scott brings to light can be applied to any concept that is a social construct such as class or race.
a. to help biologists better understand sex-related differences.
b. only to history from the eighteenth to the early twentieth centuries.
*c. to any concept that is a social construct.
d. properly by modernist historians.

7. "...those who defend and those who question the idea that 'man' is the rational master of his own destiny." This quotation from Joan Scott's “Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis” alludes to what historiographical debate?
~ The idea that "'man' is the rational master of his own destiny" refers to historiographical theories in which humans create history as opposed to being subject to forces outside their control (gods or economic structures or environment), i.e, the debate over the motive forces in history.
@ The idea that "'man' is the rational master of his own destiny" refers to historiographical theories in which humans create history as opposed to being subject to forces outside their control (gods or economic structures or environment), i.e, the debate over the motive forces in history.
a. idealism vs. idealism
*b. motive forces
c. psychohistory
d. post-modernism vs. modernist objectivity

8. According to Scott, any attempt to alter or question gender relations threatens the entire system of power relations. Why?
~ According to Scott, any attempt to alter or question gender relations threatens the entire system of power relations, because societies project gender as an objective set of references (female IS x, male IS y), any challenges to those references also challenge the organization of all social life.
@ According to Scott, any attempt to alter or question gender relations threatens the entire system of power relations, because societies project gender as an objective set of references (female IS x, male IS y), any challenges to those references also challenge the organization of all social life.
*a. As an objective set of references, concepts of gender structure perception and the concrete and symbolic organization of all social life--threats to ideas of male/female threaten power relationships.
b. Gender being a social construct means it cannot simply be altered--society has to change first.
c. Sex-related differences stem from single origins and therefore paly a large role in the signification of authority.
d. Gender relationships exist as an integral element of social relationships and people are resistant to change.

9. Which of the following offers an example of Scott's quotation from Maurice Godelier that "Sex-related differences between bodies are continually summoned as testimony to social relations and phenomena that have nothing to do with sexuality"?
~ The best example is the male candidate's comment about the female candidate not being presidential material. Tears are associated with weakness and femininity, and the assumption is that the president must project strength and not weakness, hence the underlying message is that the president must be male.
@ The best example is the male candidate's comment about the female candidate not being presidential material. Tears are associated with weakness and femininity, and the assumption is that the president must project strength and not weakness, hence the underlying message is that the president must be male.
a. In revolutionary Iran, the new administration required all women to wear head coverings that covered their hair completely.
b. In the wartime U.S., posters encouraged women to take jobs in factories by depicting them as strong.
c. In Confucian China, men were "light, strength, and positive" and female was "dark, weak, and negative."
*d. During a U.S. presidential campaign, a male candidate comments that a female candidate isn't "presidential material" because she teared up during a public event.

10. Scott's primary argument is that 
~ Scott's primary argument is that gender is a cultural construct that changes over time. What it means to be "male" or "female" or somewhere in between is different in different regions at different times, and those meanings signify different things in different contexts (work, politics, social relationships, etc.).
@ Scott's primary argument is that gender is a cultural construct that changes over time. What it means to be "male" or "female" or somewhere in between is different in different regions at different times, and those meanings signify different things in different contexts (work, politics, social relationships, etc.).
a. gender is a biological fact that structures how we behave in society.
b. gender is a universal binary opposition that underlies all societies but is refracted in different ways in different cultures.
*c. gender is a cultural construct that changes over time.
d. gender is a way of legitimizing relationships of power.