
1. What is being expressed in the following quotation of Gayatri Spivak? "Because 'the person who speaks or acts...is always a multiplicity,' no 'theorizing intellectual...[or] party or...union' can represent 'those who act and struggle.'"
~ The subaltern is not a single entity; individuals inhabit a multitude of subject positions that no single representation can express. Another way of viewing this is from the perspective that one can’t really understand someone unless one has "been in their shoes."
@ The subaltern is not a single entity; individuals inhabit a multitude of subject positions that no single representation can express. Another way of viewing this is from the perspective that one can’t really understand someone unless one has "been in their shoes."
a. Political parties will always oppress those they seek to represent, so they can never gain objective understanding of those people.
b. Intellectuals or subjects always speak on objects from different perspectives, and this multitude of attempts to express the subaltern leads to no commonly agreed upon conclusion.
*c. The subaltern is not a single entity; individuals inhabit a multitude of subject positions that no single representation can express.
d. The "differance” created in the supposed union of the signifier and the signified guarantees any attempt to represent an idea will fail.

2. The story of Bhubaneswari allows Gayatri Spivak to 
~ The story of Bhubaneswari allows Spivak to give an example of epistemic violence. Bhubaneswari as a subaltern (woman) had her voice completely silenced when her suicide to avoid committing a terrorist act was misinterpreted as the result of an illicit love affair. 
@ The story of Bhubaneswari allows Spivak to give an example of epistemic violence. Bhubaneswari as a subaltern (woman) had her voice completely silenced when her suicide to avoid committing a terrorist act was misinterpreted as the result of an illicit love affair. 
*a. give an example of epistemic violence.
b. use Derrida's method of deconstruction.
c. give a representation as opposed to a re-presentation.
d. show that intellectuals cannot re-present subaltern attempts to speak.

3. In the version of Gayatri Spivak's article, "Can the Subaltern Speak?", in our textbook, Spivak concluded that 
~ Spivak originally concluded that the subaltern cannot speak. Later she revised the text to state that the subaltern can speak but cannot be heard.
@ Spivak originally concluded that the subaltern cannot speak. Later she revised the text to state that the subaltern can speak but cannot be heard.
a. the subaltern cannot speak.
b. the subaltern has the ability to speak and be heard but only when speaking as large groups.
c. the subaltern does not exist.
*d. the subaltern can speak but cannot be heard.

4. How are most historians like the intellectuals Spivak describes who try but fail to speak for subalterns?
~ Most historians speak for the dead, who have no voice of their own and are thus the ultimate subalterns. Historians may try, but (according to Spivak) at best they can achieve a re-presentation of the past. 
@ Most historians speak for the dead, who have no voice of their own and are thus the ultimate subalterns. Historians may try, but (according to Spivak) at best they can achieve a re-presentation of the past.
*a. Most historians speak for the dead, who have no voice of their own.
b. Historians are never able to agree on a common paradigm.
c. Historians always attempt to represent "oppressed" groups. 
d. Historians spend a great deal of time and resources trying to objectively understand diverse subject positions.

5. In which of the following quotations does Spivak invoke the idea of "interstices" mentioned in the selection from Homi Bhabha? 
~ "Even the third group on the list, the buffer group, as it were, between the people and the great macro-structural dominant groups, is itself defined as a place of in-betweenness. The classification falls into: 'dominant foreign groups,' and 'dominant indigenous groups at the all-India and at the regional and local levels' representing the elite."
@ "Even the third group on the list, the buffer group, as it were, between the people and the great macro-structural dominant groups, is itself defined as a place of in-betweenness. The classification falls into: 'dominant foreign groups,' and 'dominant indigenous groups at the all-India and at the regional and local levels' representing the elite."
a. "'White men are saving brown women from brown men.'"
*b. "Even the third group on the list, the buffer group, as it were, between the people and the great macro-structural dominant groups, is itself defined as a place of in-betweenness. The classification falls into: 'dominant foreign groups,' and 'dominant indigenous groups at the all-India and at the regional and local levels' representing the elite."
c. "The problem is that the subject's itinerary has not been left traced so as to offer an object of seduction to the representing intellectual. In the slightly dated language of the Indian group, the question becomes: How can we touch the consciousness of the people, even as we investigate their politics? With what voice-consciousness can the subaltern speak?"
d. "The legitimation, through a binary vision, of the polymorphous structure of legal performance, 'internally' noncoherent and open at both ends, is the narrative of codification I offer as an example of epistemic violence."

6. In the text, Bhubaneswari understood her suicide would be misinterpreted. In an attempt to combat this, she
~ In the text, Bhubaneswari understood her suicide would be misinterpreted. In an attempt to combat this, she waited until she was menstruating. Still she was misinterpreted. If, as Derrida suggests, everything including action is a text, then the subaltern cannot truly speak or even act and be understood or properly represented. 
@ In the text, Bhubaneswari understood her suicide would be misinterpreted. In an attempt to combat this, she waited until she was menstruating. Still she was misinterpreted. If, as Derrida suggests, everything including action is a text, then the subaltern cannot truly speak or even act and be understood or properly represented. 
a. went about the process in a public setting.
*b. waited until she was menstruating.
c. wrote a letter revealing her true actions and sent it to the media.
d. performed the act at night.

7. When Spivak refers to people as "objects," she is discussing
~ When Spivak refers to people as "objects," she is discussing subalterns. Intellectuals are the "subjects," as in the doers of action.
@ When Spivak refers to people as "objects," she is discussing subalterns. Intellectuals are the "subjects," as in the doers of action.
a. the mimic man.
b. the prolitariat.
*c. subalterns.
d. intellectuals.

8. "White men are saving brown women from brown men." This quotation from Spivak's "Can the subaltern speak?" refers to
~ "White men are saving brown women from brown men." This quotation from Spivak's "Can the subaltern speak?" refers to the "double" subaltern status of Indian women. Not only are the women subalterns as colonized people, they are also subalterns as women in a male-dominated society.
@ "White men are saving brown women from brown men." This quotation from Spivak's "Can the subaltern speak?" refers to the "double" subaltern status of Indian women. Not only are the women subalterns as colonized people, they are also subalterns as women in a male-dominated society.
a. Derrida's claim that nothing is "outside the text."
b. Foucault; the statement offers up a critique of his conception of the subaltern’s ability to speak.
c. Said's critique of Orientalism.
*d. the "double" subaltern status of Indian women.

9. Spivak describes two forms of representation. One way is described as "speaking for," which can be seen as standing in for someone in order to represent them. The second form is known as
~ Spivak describes two forms of representation. One way is described as "speaking for," which can be seen as standing in for someone in order to represent them. The second form is known as "re-presentation" (art, philosophy/theater). Everyone understands that a painting of something is a re-presentation that is not the same as the real thing (not a representation).
@ Spivak describes two forms of representation. One way is described as "speaking for," which can be seen as standing in for someone in order to represent them. The second form is known as "re-presentation" (art, philosophy/theater). Everyone understands that a painting of something is a re-presentation that is not the same as the real thing (not a representation).
a. "vertreten."
*b. "re-presentation."  
c. "recording" or the filming of someone or thing.
d. "subaltern subjection."

10. Spivak defines a "subaltern" as
~ Spivak defines a "subaltern" as someone who has no power within a given social structure--people who are ignored or oppressed.
@ Spivak defines a "subaltern" as someone who has no power within a given social structure--people who are ignored or oppressed.
*a. someone who has no power within a given social structure--people who are ignored or oppressed.
b. a junior officer in British military hierarchy who held the potential to mutiny.
c. an intellectual who carries out the political and cultural directives of the state or the dominant class.
d. the colonizer.