
1. According to Habermas, which of the following belong to the private sphere?
~ According to Habermas, private property relations (as well as family relations) belong to the private sphere.
@ According to Habermas, private property relations (as well as family relations) belong to the private sphere.
a. war
b. the government
c. private business
*d. private property relations

2. Habermas claims that in the early eighteenth century, "opinion"
~ Habermas claims that in the early eighteenth century, "opinion" meant both unproven belief and reputation. 
@ Habermas claims that in the early eighteenth century, "opinion" meant both unproven belief and reputation.
a. was always seen to be a trustworthy judgement.
*b. meant both an unproven belief and reputation.
c. was only to be seen as legitmate if given by memebers of the bourgeoise.
d. was formed in the private sphere initially.

3. Habermas can be seen as relating to postmodern thinkers such as Foucault 
~ Habermas can be seen as relating to postmodern thinkers such as Foucault in the sense that he considers "fact" as something socially constructed through the process of public consensus.
@ Habermas can be seen as relating to postmodern thinkers such as Foucault in the sense that he considers "fact" as something socially constructed through the process of public consensus.
a. in his agreement that language is the root of all understanding.
*b. in the sense that he considers "fact" as something socially constructed through the process of public consensus.
c. in his alignment with the Frankfurt school.
d. in the sense that he sees public power as the root of consensus.

4. According to Habermas, the "truths" created in public opinion can be used 
~ The "truths" created in public opinion can be used to contest the power of the government. These "truths" themselves become a source of power and authority.
@ The "truths" created in public opinion can be used to contest the power of the government. These "truths" themselves become a source of power and authority.
a. only in the private sphere.
b. to define individual family relations.
*c. to contest the power of the government.
d. only by the proletariat.

5. Habermas belongs to the Frankfurt school of political theory. Judging from the reading, it can be inferred that this school and Habermas are heavily influenced by the work of
~ Judging from the reading, it can be inferred that this school and Habermas are heavily influenced by the work of Karl Marx.
@ Judging from the reading, it can be inferred that this school and Habermas are heavily influenced by the work of Karl Marx.
*a. Karl Marx.
b. Jacques Derrida.
c. Gayatri Spivak.
d. Thomas Carlyle.

6. The public sphere is
~ The public sphere is a virtual space of debate where individuals use reason collectively to decide upon "truth." For example, consider how social media posts operate to create "truths" by consensus.
@ The public sphere is a virtual space of debate where individuals use reason collectively to decide upon "truth." For example, consider how social media posts operate to create "truths" by consensus.
a. an imaginary space in which the public comes together in order to negotiate ways to aid governmental power.
b. composed of any individual that does not work in some way for the state.
c. is never able to come to any form of group consensus.
*d. a virtual space of debate where individuals use reason collectively to decide upon "truth."

7. Habermas sees language as being purely for communication; from this philosophical stance it could be reasoned that he would reject
~ Habermas sees language as being purely for communication; from this philosophical stance it could be reasoned that he would reject post-modernism.
@ Habermas sees language as being purely for communication; from this philosophical stance it could be reasoned that he would reject post-modernism.
*a. post-modernism.
b. Marxism.
c. the Hegelian dialectic.
d. idealism.

8. Habermas's work implies that historical truth
~ Habermas's work implies that historical truth derives from consensus amongst historians.
@ Habermas's work implies that historical truth derives from consensus amongst historians.
a. does not exist.
*b. derives from consensus amongst historians.
c. is a product of the hegemonic culture.
d. is not debated within the public sphere.

9. Which of the following quotations refers to the private sphere?
~ "To the degree to which commodity exchange burst out of the confines of the house hold economy, the sphere of the conjugal family became differentiated from the sphere of social reproduction."
@ "To the degree to which commodity exchange burst out of the confines of the house hold economy, the sphere of the conjugal family became differentiated from the sphere of social reproduction."
a. "The self-interpretation of the function of the bourgeois public sphere crystallized in the idea of 'public opinion.'"
b. "The bourgeois were private persons, as such they did not 'rule.' Their power claims against the public authority were thus not directed against the concentration of powers of command that ought to be 'divided'; instead, they undercut the principle on which existing rule was based."
*c. "To the degree to which commodity exchange burst out of the confines of the house hold economy, the sphere of the conjugal family became differentiated from the sphere of social reproduction."
d. "Hitherto the estates had negotiated agreements with the princes in which from case to case the conflicting power claims involved the demarcation of the estate liberties from the prince's overlordship of sovereignty were brought into balance."

10. "Both were still united in the 'public spirit': the direct, undistorted sense for what was right and just and the articulation of 'opinion' into 'judgement' through the public clash of arguments." In this excerpt from the text, Habermas
~ In this excerpt from the text, Habermas is defining public opinion; in the text he outlines the development of "opinion" from an unproven judgment into something that public discussion and consensus renders valid and trustworthy.
@ In this excerpt from the text, Habermas is defining public opinion; in the text he outlines the development of "opinion" from an unproven judgment into something that public discussion and consensus renders valid and trustworthy.
*a. is defining public opinion; in the text he outlines the development of "opinion" from an unproven judgment into something that public discussion and consensus renders valid and trustworthy.
b. is defining public spirit; in the text he shows off the illusionary quality of the "truth" that is created in public discourse.
c. is defining public opinion, which he showcases as being the source of governmental power.
d. is defining public spirit, which he explains is composed of differences between individuals and contains no truths.